Final Assignment: Topics in Applied Linguistics

Rega Giyang Girana Zetira

2201410088

205-206

Final Assignment

Topics in Applied Linguistics

1.      Introduction

I will write an essay about Processes. In Indonesia, English is taught in formal education. From elementary school to senior high school. The English teachers use teaching English system based on the curriculum applied. In traditional English teaching pattern, the writing teaching methods used do not achieve the target for they focus on structure text instead of the developing idea in the text. What the teacher teaches is how to make the students able to complete all questions in the national final test. In this case, writing ability is ignored.

I write an essay about processes because to understand and differentiate the meaning of each sentences in the text. It can be said that understand and differentiate the meaning of each sentences in the text or in conversation in English is difficult, learners have to diffentiate between doings and beings. Just as there are different oerder of doing, there are different orders of being.  Students will get confuse if they can not understand the meaning of a sentence. So, to make students understand the meaning, they could learn about Process.

2.      Objectives

First, this essay is used to differentiate in orders of doings and being (i.e. of meaning) possible in English. Second, this essay is used to differentiate Process types.  Third, this is essay is used to analyzing clause.

3.      Review of Related Literature

Processes are central to transitivity. Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happening, feeling and beings. This suggests that there are different kinds of goings on, which necessarily involve different kinds of Participants in variying Circumstance. Processes are realised by verbs. Traditionally verbs have been defined as ‘doing words’. But some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having. Moreover, there are different orders of doings and beings. There are indeed seven different Process types:

1.      Material

Material processes are Processes of material doing. They express the notion that some entity physically does something, which may be done to some other entity. A Material Processes obligatorily have a doing (Process) and a doer (Participant). The goal is most like the traditional direct object, which we are told only transitive verbs may take. The reason for the non-congruence is that verbs in and of themselves are not transitive or intransitive. Clauses are:

There are two variates of Material Processes: creative and dispositive. In the creative type, the Goal is brought about by the Process. For example:

Handel                        wrote               the Messiah.

Actor

Material

Goal

In the dispositive type, have doings and happenings. For example:

      The gun           discharged.

Actor

Material

2.      Behavioural

Behavioural processes are Processes of physiological and psychological behaviour, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, etc. There is one obligatory Participant: the Behaver. The Behaver is a conscious being. But the Process is one of doing, not sensing. For example:

      She                  lives                 in the fast lane.

Behaver

Behavioural

Circumstance: place

3.      Mental

Mental Process are ones of sensing: feeling, thinking, perceiving. There are three types: affective or reactive (feeling); cognitive (thinking); and perceptive (perceiving through the five senses). These Processes differ from Material ones in as much as the latter are physical, moving, overt doings. Mental Processes are mental, covert kinds of going-on. And the Participant involved in Mental Processes is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing. The Participant roles in Mental Processess are Senser and Phenomenon. The Senser is by definition a conciuos being, for only those who are conscious can feel, think or see. For example:

      Mark                likes                 new clothes

Senser

Mental

Phenomenon

4.      Verbal

Verbal Processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically siganlling. Very often these are realised by two distinct clauses: the projecting clause encodes a ssignal source (Sayer) and a signaling (Verbal Process) and the other (projected clauses) realises what was said. For example:

      The sign           says                 ‘No Smoking’

Sayer

Verbal

Material

There are three other Participants that may be incumbent upon Verbal Processes:

·         Receiver    : the one to whom the verbalisation is addressed

·         Target        : one acted upon verbally

·         Varbiage    : a name for the verbalisation itself.

5.      Relation

Relation Processes involve states of being. They can be classified according to whether they are being used to identify something or to assign a quality to something. Processes which establish an identity are called Identifying Processes and Processes which assign a quality are called Attributive Processes. In Attributive these are Carrier and Attributive. For example:

      Barry Tuckwell           is                      a fine horn player.

Carrier

Attributive

Attribute

In Identifying Processes the Participant roles are Token and Value. For example:

      Barry Tuckwell           may be             the finest living horn player.

Token

Identifying

Value

6.      Existential

Existential Processes are processes of existence. ‘There’ has no representational function, it is required because of the need for a Subject in English. Existential Processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘arise’, and the Existent can be a phenomenon of any kind. For example:

      There’s            a unicorn         in the garden

Existential

Existent

Circumstance: place

7.      Meteorological

It   ‘s hot It    ‘s windy It    ‘s five o’clock Meteorological

The ‘it’ has no representational function, but does provide a Subject. These are analysed as Process: Meteorological.

4.      Analysis

There are three points to make about the Process. The first is that the term ‘Process’ belongs to a description of language at the level of meaning rather than at the level of form. Secondly, I should emphasize that the word ‘Process’ is being used here in a broad sense. Thirdly, every Process functions as the pivotal element of a situation-the name for the unit at the level of semantics that is equivalent to the clause a the level of form. The advantages to lern Process are to understand and differentiate the meaning of each sentences in the text or in conversation in English, diffentiate between doings and beings.

5.      Summary and recommendation

Processes are central to transitivity. Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happening, feeling and beings. Processes are realised by verbs. Traditionally verbs have been defined as ‘doing words’. But some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having. Moreover, there are different orders of doings and beings. There are indeed seven different Process types:

·         Material

·         Behavioural

·         Mental

·         Verbal

·         Relational

·         Existential

·         Meteorological

There are three points to make about the Process. The first is that the term ‘Process’ belongs to a description of language at the level of meaning rather than at the level of form. Secondly, I should emphasize that the word ‘Process’ is being used here in a broad sense. Thirdly, every Process functions as the pivotal element of a situation-the name for the unit at the level of semantics that is equivalent to the clause a the level of form.

At the level of meaning—the semantic unit of the situation has, as a pivotal element, a Process. At the level form—the syntactic unit of the clause has, as a pivotal element, a main verb. And the Process is typically expressed in the main verb.