Rega Giyang Girana
Zetira
2201410088
205-206
Final Assignment
Topics in
Applied Linguistics
1.
Introduction
I will write an
essay about Processes. In Indonesia, English is taught in formal education.
From elementary school to senior high school. The English teachers use teaching
English system based on the curriculum applied. In traditional English teaching
pattern, the writing teaching methods used do not achieve the target for they
focus on structure text instead of the developing idea in the text. What the
teacher teaches is how to make the students able to complete all questions in
the national final test. In this case, writing ability is ignored.
I write an essay
about processes because to understand and differentiate the meaning of each sentences
in the text. It can be said that understand and differentiate the meaning of
each sentences in the text or in conversation in English is difficult, learners
have to diffentiate between doings and beings. Just as there are different
oerder of doing, there are different orders of being. Students will get confuse if they can not
understand the meaning of a sentence. So, to make students understand the
meaning, they could learn about Process.
2.
Objectives
First, this essay is used to
differentiate in orders of doings and being (i.e. of meaning) possible in
English. Second, this essay is used to differentiate Process types. Third, this is essay is used to analyzing
clause.
3.
Review
of Related Literature
Processes are central to
transitivity. Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings,
happening, feeling and beings. This suggests that there are different kinds of
goings on, which necessarily involve different kinds of Participants in
variying Circumstance. Processes are realised by verbs. Traditionally verbs
have been defined as ‘doing words’. But some verbs are not doing words at all,
but rather express states of being or having. Moreover, there are different
orders of doings and beings. There are indeed seven different Process types:
1. Material
Material
processes are Processes of material doing. They express the notion that some
entity physically does something, which may be done to some other entity. A
Material Processes obligatorily have a doing (Process) and a doer
(Participant). The goal is most like the traditional direct object, which we
are told only transitive verbs may take. The reason for the non-congruence is
that verbs in and of themselves are not transitive or intransitive. Clauses
are:
There
are two variates of Material Processes: creative and dispositive. In the
creative type, the Goal is brought about by the Process. For example:
Handel wrote the Messiah.
|
Actor
|
Material
|
Goal
|
In
the dispositive type, have doings and happenings. For example:
The gun discharged.
|
Actor
|
Material
|
2. Behavioural
Behavioural
processes are Processes of physiological and psychological behaviour, like
breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, etc. There is one obligatory
Participant: the Behaver. The Behaver is a conscious being. But the Process is
one of doing, not sensing. For example:
She lives in the fast lane.
|
Behaver
|
Behavioural
|
Circumstance:
place
|
3. Mental
Mental
Process are ones of sensing: feeling, thinking, perceiving. There are three
types: affective or reactive (feeling); cognitive (thinking); and perceptive
(perceiving through the five senses). These Processes differ from Material ones
in as much as the latter are physical, moving, overt doings. Mental Processes
are mental, covert kinds of going-on. And the Participant involved in Mental
Processes is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing.
The Participant roles in Mental Processess are Senser and Phenomenon. The
Senser is by definition a conciuos being, for only those who are conscious can
feel, think or see. For example:
Mark likes new clothes
|
Senser
|
Mental
|
Phenomenon
|
4. Verbal
Verbal
Processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically
siganlling. Very often these are realised by two distinct clauses: the projecting
clause encodes a ssignal source (Sayer) and a signaling (Verbal Process) and
the other (projected clauses) realises what was said. For example:
The sign says ‘No Smoking’
|
Sayer
|
Verbal
|
Material
|
There
are three other Participants that may be incumbent upon Verbal Processes:
·
Receiver :
the one to whom the verbalisation is addressed
·
Target :
one acted upon verbally
·
Varbiage :
a name for the verbalisation itself.
5. Relation
Relation
Processes involve states of being. They can be classified according to whether
they are being used to identify something or to assign a quality to something.
Processes which establish an identity are called Identifying Processes and
Processes which assign a quality are called Attributive Processes. In
Attributive these are Carrier and Attributive. For example:
Barry Tuckwell is a
fine horn player.
|
Carrier
|
Attributive
|
Attribute
|
In
Identifying Processes the Participant roles are Token and Value. For example:
Barry Tuckwell may be the
finest living horn player.
|
Token
|
Identifying
|
Value
|
6. Existential
Existential
Processes are processes of existence. ‘There’ has no representational function,
it is required because of the need for a Subject in English. Existential
Processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘arise’, and the
Existent can be a phenomenon of any kind. For example:
There’s a
unicorn in the garden
|
Existential
|
Existent
|
Circumstance:
place
|
7. Meteorological
|
It ‘s hot
It ‘s
windy
It ‘s five
o’clock
|
The
‘it’ has no representational function, but does provide a Subject. These are
analysed as Process: Meteorological.
4.
Analysis
There are three points to make
about the Process. The first is that the term ‘Process’ belongs to a
description of language at the level of meaning rather than at the level of
form. Secondly, I should emphasize that the word ‘Process’ is being used here
in a broad sense. Thirdly, every Process functions as the pivotal element of a
situation-the name for the unit at the level of semantics that is equivalent to
the clause a the level of form. The advantages to lern Process are to understand
and differentiate the meaning of each sentences in the text or in conversation
in English, diffentiate between doings and beings.
5.
Summary
and recommendation
Processes are central to transitivity. Participants
and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happening, feeling and beings.
Processes are realised by verbs. Traditionally verbs have been defined as
‘doing words’. But some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express
states of being or having. Moreover, there are different orders of doings and
beings. There are indeed seven different Process types:
·
Material
·
Behavioural
·
Mental
·
Verbal
·
Relational
·
Existential
·
Meteorological
There are three points to make
about the Process. The first is that the term ‘Process’ belongs to a
description of language at the level of meaning rather than at the level of
form. Secondly, I should emphasize that the word ‘Process’ is being used here
in a broad sense. Thirdly, every Process functions as the pivotal element of a
situation-the name for the unit at the level of semantics that is equivalent to
the clause a the level of form.
At the level of meaning—the semantic unit of the
situation has, as a pivotal element, a Process. At the level form—the syntactic
unit of the clause has, as a pivotal element, a main verb. And the Process is
typically expressed in the main verb.
